Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1: The Study of Educational Psychology
What Is Educational Psychology?
Educational Psychology and the Study of Teaching and Learning
Using Research to Inform Teachers and Enhance Learning
The Teacher as Researcher
Chapter 2: Cognitive and Language Development
Cognitive Development and the Brain
The Developmental Psychology of Jean Piaget
Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development
Applying Piaget to Educational Practice
A Critique and Update of Piaget’s Theory
The Developmental Psychology of Lev Vygotsky
Chapter 3: Moral, Personal, and Psychosocial Development
Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Reasoning
Limitations Associated With and Alternatives to Kohlberg’s Theory
Enhancing Moral Development
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Current Classroom Issues Related to Moral, Personal, and Psychosocial Development
Chapter 4: Learner Diversity in the Classroom
The Role of Socioeconomic Status in Education
The History and Educational Challenges of Historically Underserved Student Populations
Ethnicity, Race, and Culture in the Classroom
Educational Approaches to Support Diverse Learners
Chapter 5: Learners with Exceptionalities
Who Are Learners With Exceptionalities?
Defining and Measuring Intelligence
Educational Approaches to Intellectual Exceptionalities
Overview of Special Education Services for Learners With Exceptionalities
Supporting Learners With Specific Disabilities
Chapter 6: Behavioral Approaches to Learning
The Classic Conditioning Model and Classroom Applications
How Conditioning Concepts Might Affect Student Behavior
The Operant Conditioning Model and Classroom Applications
Reinforcers and Reinforcement Schedules: Their Role in Modifying Student Behavior
Punishment: Handle With Care in the Classroom
Three Specific Techniques for Guiding Student Behavior
Applying Operant Conditioning to Achieve Effective Classroom Management
Current Classroom Innovations Using Behavioral Principles: Applied Behavior Analysis
Chapter 7: Cognitive Approaches to Learning
Science of Memory and Stages of Information Processing
Cognitive Strategies Affecting Meaningful Learning
Instructional Techniques to Enhance the Meaningfulness of Text
Chapter 8: Metacognition, Problem Solving, and Creativity
Metacognition and Metacognitive Strategies
Chapter 9: Group Processes in Instruction
The Influence of Expectations on Teachers and Students
Approaches to Cooperative Learning
Communication Between Teachers and Students
Friendship, Group Cohesiveness, and Classroom Climate
Chapter 10: Motivating Learners
The Social Cognitive Approach to Education
The Self-Determination Approach to Motivation
Attribution as a Basis for Motivation
Self-Efficacy—The Belief in Oneself
Monitoring and Evaluation
Chapter 11: Effective Learning Communities
Creating a Learning Community
Maintaining an Effective Learning Community
Responding to Misbehavior in a Classroom Community
Culturally Responsive Classroom Management
Other Classroom Management Paradigms
Chapter 12: The Design of Instruction
Gagné’s Conditions of Learning and Instruction
Gagné’s Outcomes of Learning
An Instructional Planning Model for Teachers
The Mastery Learning Model
The Direct Instruction Model
Chapter 13: Classroom Assessment of Student Learning
The Three Major Types of Classroom Assessment
Steps in the Classroom Assessment Process
Constructing Short-Answer Items
Using Portfolios in Your Classroom
Evaluating the Validity of Classroom Assessments
Evaluating the Reliability of Classroom Assessments
Chapter 14: Standardized Assessment and Grading
What Are Standardized Tests?
Why Do Test Scores Require Interpretation?
Standardized Assessment Laws
Preparing Students for Standardized Tests