Preface
Acknowledgments
SECTION I: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS
1. Self in Context
Development of Self in Context
Societal Influences on Development
Factors Associated With Resilience
Personal Protective Factors
Using Resilience in Treatment
SECTION II: RACE AND ETHNICITY
2. Julie’s Story: So What if I’m a Black Woman?
Interpersonal Relationships
Self-Definition/Authentic Self
Techniques and Interventions
Critical Consciousness and the Authentic Self
3. Butch’s Story: Who Am I?
Family Socialization Patterns
Techniques and Interventions
Myths About Multiracial Individuals
Family and Racial Socialization Processes
4. Betsie’s Story: I Am 100% Jewish
Pride About Ethnic Background
The Connection Between Ethnicity and Family Values
Pressure to Conform to Ethnic Values
Relationship Between Ethnicity and Religion
Relationship Between Sociohistorical Contexts and Identity
Pride About Ethnic Background
Ethnicity, Family Values, and Pressures to Conform
Relationship Between Ethnicity, Religion, Sociohistorical Contexts, and Other Variables
Techniques and Interventions
5. Maribel’s Story: When Are You Going to Have Kids?
Ethnicity, Immigration, Social Class, and Racism
The Double Life of a Hybrid Identity
Techniques and Interventions
SECTION III: IMMIGRATION AND ACCULTURATION
6. Vu’s Story: I Am an American
Forced Migration and Refugee Status
Second Language Acquisition
Acculturation and Assimilation Processes
Forced Migration and Refugee Status
Second Language Acquisition
Acculturation Processes and Coping Styles
Techniques and Interventions
Acquire Knowledge of History
Excessive Curiosity About the Client’s Background
Wish to Help Clients Go Back to Their Roots
7. Esteban’s Story: Still Uprooted
Language, Acculturation, and Ethnicity
Immigration and Social Class
Ethnicity and Acculturation Views
Techniques and Interventions
Language Switching and Language Mixing
Wish to Prove That the Clinician Is Above Prejudice
8. Maria Luz’s Story: Here We Are Not Free
Voluntary Versus Involuntary Migration
Documented Versus Undocumented Status
Language Issues of the First-Generation Immigrant
Immigration and Geographic Origin
Potential for Dropout From Services
Beliefs About Mental Health Practices
Risk of Dropout From Counseling Services
Ambivalence About the Immigration Decision
Importance of Geographic Origin
Techniques and Interventions
Clients’ Language, Habits, and Customs
Therapist Discomfort and Positive or Negative Stereotypes
Toolbox Activity—Maria Luz
9. Teresa’s Story: I Didn’t Want to Go to Church on Sunday
First- Versus Second-Generation Immigrants
Language Issues of the Second Generation: Loss or Rejection
Intergenerational Conflicts and Gender
Language Issues With the Second Generation
Intergenerational Conflicts and Gender Roles
Techniques and Interventions
Untangling Family Conflicts Based on Second-Generation Choices
SECTION IV: RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY
10. Frank’s Story: Hearing God’s Voice
Religion as a Strength or Resource
Relationship With a Higher Power
Techniques and Interventions
Discomfort With Religious Discussions
Differences in Religious Beliefs
11. Bob’s Story: The Good Christian Son
Shift in Religious Identity
Internal Migration and Religious Identity
Techniques and Interventions
12. Katie’s Story: Catholic and Jewish? How Can It Be?
Was This a “Crisis” of Faith?
And the Rest of the Story . . . ?
Teach Your Children Diligently
Practice, Practice, Practice: A Practicing Catholic
Religious Identity Development
Influence of Current Events
Techniques and Interventions
Examination of Specific Religious Teachings
Interfaith Relationship Issues
Confusion About Interfaith Differences
13. Malia’s Story: Am I American?
Techniques and Interventions
SECTION V: SOCIAL CLASS
14. Carla’s Story: One More Mile
Lack of Access to Resources
Link to Race/Dominant Values
Techniques and Interventions
15. Anthony’s Story: From Radical to Bohemian to Suit Me
Changes in Socioeconomic Status and Social Class
Techniques and Interventions
SECTION VI: SEXUAL ORIENTATION
16. Karen’s Story: Midlife Growing Pains
Shame and Internal Judgment
Techniques and Interventions
17. Rachel’s Story: Nurturing the Spirit
Transgender and Intersex Sexuality
Implications for Professionals
Trapped in Wrong Body/Gender Identity
Cross-Gender Expression and Transgender Identity
Techniques and Interventions
Expression and Acceptance of Gender Identity
Transitioning and Working Through Harassment
Belief in Client Competency
SECTION VII: DISABILITY
18. David’s Story: Broken Neck, Intact Spirit
Adjusting to the Disability
Disability Identity Development
Resilience and Social Justice
Techniques and Interventions
Appendix
References
Index
About the Authors