Part I: The Promise of Peace, the Problems of War
Chapter 1: The Meanings of Peace
| Positive and Negative Peace |
|
| Key Findings of the U.S. Peace Index |
|
| A Final Note on the Meanings of Peace |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 2: Peace Studies, Peace Education, and Peace Research
| Peace Studies, War Studies, and Peace and Conflict Studies |
|
| The Dimensions of Peace and Conflict Studies |
|
| Some Contributions of PCS |
|
| A Final Note on Peace and Conflict Studies, Peace Education, and Peace Research |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 3: The Meanings of Wars
| The Frequency and Intensity of Wars |
|
| Cutting-Edge Military Technologies |
|
| Has Technology Made War Obsolete? |
|
| Wars, Empires, Colonialism, and National Liberation |
|
| The Desirability of Peace Versus Justifications for Wars |
|
| Political Ideologies and Militarism |
|
| The Nature and Functions of Conflict |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 4: Terrorism Versus Counterterrorism
| What Is Terrorism? Who Are “Terrorists”? |
|
| A Brief History of Terrorism |
|
| The Historical Tension Between State Terrorism From Above and Nonstate Terrorism From Below |
|
| State and State-Sponsored Terrorism |
|
| Terrorism in the Name of God |
|
| The Terrorism Industry and the Mass Media |
|
| The Global War on Terrorism |
|
| The Victims and Perpetrators of Global Terrorism and Counterterrorism |
|
| A Final Note on Terrorism |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 5: The Special Significance of Nuclear Weapons
| The Nature of Nuclear Weapons |
|
| The Effects of Nuclear Weapons |
|
| Strategic Doctrine: Deterrence |
|
| How a Nuclear War Could Start |
|
| A Final Note on Nuclear Weapons |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Part II : The Reasons For Wars
Chapter 6: The Individual Level
| Aggression, Drives, and Instincts |
|
| Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology |
|
| Freudian and Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory |
|
| “Innate Depravity” and “Human Nature” |
|
| Prejudice, Images of the Enemy, and Human Needs |
|
| Attributions and Just-World Theories of Behavior |
|
| Altruism, Aggression, and Reconciliation |
|
| Some Issues in Nuclear Psychology |
|
| A Final Note on Individual-Level Explanations of Wars |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 7: The Group Level
| War: Its Prehistory and Early History |
|
| Functions of Nontechnological Wars |
|
| Characteristics of Premodern and Nontechnological Wars |
|
| Alternatives to Nontechnological Warfare |
|
| Underlying Group Processes |
|
| Brief Conclusion on Premodern and Nontechnological Warfare |
|
| Nations, States, Ethnic Groups, and Nationalism |
|
| A Brief History of Nationalist Wars |
|
| Types of Nationalist Wars |
|
| Nationalist Threats to States |
|
| Racial and Cultural Intolerance |
|
| Nationalism and the Public Mood |
|
| Nationalism and Political Ideology |
|
| The Question of “National Character” |
|
| A Final Note on Nationalism and Ethnocentrism |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 8: The State Level
| Realpolitik and Raisons d’État |
|
| A Final Note on War and States |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 9: The Decision-Making Level
| Some Issues Regarding Perception and Cognition |
|
| A Final Note on Decision Making |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 10: The Ideological, Social, and Economic Levels
| Population Pressure and Other Social Stresses |
|
| Poverty as a Cause of War |
|
| The Economic Effects of Wars |
|
| The Effects of Military Spending |
|
| Cultural Conflicts and the “Clash of Civilizations” |
|
| A Final Note on the Reasons for Wars and Peace |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Part III: Building "Negative Peace"
Chapter 11: Peace Movements
| Popular Attitudes Toward Peace |
|
| Attention, Success, and Failure |
|
| Historical and Current Perceptions of War |
|
| History and Taxonomy of Peace Movements |
|
| Interconnections Between Peace and Other Social Movements |
|
| Some Internal Debates Within Peace Movements |
|
| Some Criticisms of Peace Movements |
|
| Maintaining the Momentum of Peace Movements |
|
| A Final Note on Peace Movements |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 12: Diplomacy, Negotiations, and Conflict Resolution
| A Brief History of Diplomacy |
|
| Diplomacy and Military Force |
|
| Diplomacy and Realpolitik |
|
| Negotiating Techniques for Resolving Conflict |
|
| Methods of Integrative Bargaining |
|
| Additional Negotiating Techniques |
|
| A Final Note on Conflict Resolution |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 13: Disarmament and Arms Control
| Different Visions of Disarmament |
|
| A Brief History of Disarmament |
|
| The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) |
|
| Some Conventional Arms Abuses and Opportunities |
|
| Pitfalls of Arms Control Agreements |
|
| Benefits of Arms Control Prospects |
|
| A Final Note on Disarmament and Arms Control |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 14: International Cooperation
| Limitations on the UN's Use of Force |
|
| Other Functions of the United Nations |
|
| A Brief History of Plans for World Government |
|
| Pros and Cons of World Government |
|
| The Dream of World Government: A Waste of Time? |
|
| The Prospects for World Government |
|
| The Uniting of the United States of America: A Rehearsal for a Global Federal System? |
|
| A Final Note on International Cooperation |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 15: Peace Through Strength?
| Problems With Balance of Power |
|
| National Security via Military Force |
|
| Appeasement, Provocation, and Deterrence |
|
| The Use and Abuse of Threats |
|
| A Final Note on Peace Through Strength |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 16: International Law
| The Sources of International Law |
|
| Enforcement of International Law |
|
| The Conflict between International Law and State Sovereignty |
|
| Hidden Strengths of International Law |
|
| A Final Note on International Law |
|
| Questions of Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 17: Ethical and Religious Perspectives
| Religious Attitudes Toward War |
|
| A Final Note on Ethics and Religion |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Part IV: Building Positive Peace
Chapter 18: Human Rights
| A Brief History of Human Rights |
|
| Some Human Rights Controversies |
|
| The Legal Status of Human Rights |
|
| Human Rights and the Nation-State |
|
| Competing Conceptions of Human Rights |
|
| The Responsibility to Protect |
|
| A Final Note on Human Rights |
|
| Questions for Further Study |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 19: Ecological Well-Being
| Enhanced Environmental Awareness |
|
| The Environment and National Security |
|
| The Tragedy of the Commons |
|
| Some Major Environmental Problems |
|
| Some Environmental Principles |
|
| Struggling for Sustainability |
|
| A Final Note on Ecological Well-Being |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 20: Economic Well-Being
| Socioeconomic Development |
|
| Ethics, Equity and a Bit of History |
|
| Measuring Wealth, Poverty, and Income Inequality |
|
| The Demographic-Economic Environmental Trap |
|
| A Final Note on Economic Well-Being |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 21: Movements Toward Democracy
| A Brief Modern History of Democratization |
|
| Can Democracy Be Exported? Should It Be? |
|
| A Final Note on Movements Toward Democracy |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 22: National Reconciliation
| Truth and Reconciliation Commissions |
|
| In the Absence of Truthful Reconciliation . . . |
|
| TRC Downsides and Caveats |
|
| A Final Note on Reconciliation |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 23: Nonviolence
| Nonviolent Peace Theorists and Theories |
|
| Gandhian Nonviolence in Theory and Practice |
|
| Martin Luther King, Jr. and the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |
|
| Some Nonviolent Successes |
|
| Does Nonviolence “Work”? If So, Why? |
|
| Prospects for Nonviolence |
|
| A Final Note on Nonviolence |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
Chapter 24: Toward a More Peaceful Future
| Transformations of Self and Society |
|
| A Final Note on Transformation and the Future |
|
| Questions for Further Reflection |
|
| Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
