Part I: The Promise of Peace, the Problems of War
Chapter 1: The Meanings of Peace
Positive and Negative Peace |
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Key Findings of the U.S. Peace Index |
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A Final Note on the Meanings of Peace |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 2: Peace Studies, Peace Education, and Peace Research
Peace Studies, War Studies, and Peace and Conflict Studies |
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The Dimensions of Peace and Conflict Studies |
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Some Contributions of PCS |
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A Final Note on Peace and Conflict Studies, Peace Education, and Peace Research |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 3: The Meanings of Wars
The Frequency and Intensity of Wars |
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Cutting-Edge Military Technologies |
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Has Technology Made War Obsolete? |
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Wars, Empires, Colonialism, and National Liberation |
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The Desirability of Peace Versus Justifications for Wars |
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Political Ideologies and Militarism |
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The Nature and Functions of Conflict |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 4: Terrorism Versus Counterterrorism
What Is Terrorism? Who Are “Terrorists”? |
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A Brief History of Terrorism |
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The Historical Tension Between State Terrorism From Above and Nonstate Terrorism From Below |
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State and State-Sponsored Terrorism |
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Terrorism in the Name of God |
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The Terrorism Industry and the Mass Media |
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The Global War on Terrorism |
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The Victims and Perpetrators of Global Terrorism and Counterterrorism |
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A Final Note on Terrorism |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 5: The Special Significance of Nuclear Weapons
The Nature of Nuclear Weapons |
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The Effects of Nuclear Weapons |
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Strategic Doctrine: Deterrence |
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How a Nuclear War Could Start |
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A Final Note on Nuclear Weapons |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Part II : The Reasons For Wars
Chapter 6: The Individual Level
Aggression, Drives, and Instincts |
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Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology |
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Freudian and Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory |
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“Innate Depravity” and “Human Nature” |
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Prejudice, Images of the Enemy, and Human Needs |
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Attributions and Just-World Theories of Behavior |
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Altruism, Aggression, and Reconciliation |
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Some Issues in Nuclear Psychology |
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A Final Note on Individual-Level Explanations of Wars |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 7: The Group Level
War: Its Prehistory and Early History |
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Functions of Nontechnological Wars |
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Characteristics of Premodern and Nontechnological Wars |
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Alternatives to Nontechnological Warfare |
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Underlying Group Processes |
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Brief Conclusion on Premodern and Nontechnological Warfare |
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Nations, States, Ethnic Groups, and Nationalism |
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A Brief History of Nationalist Wars |
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Types of Nationalist Wars |
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Nationalist Threats to States |
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Racial and Cultural Intolerance |
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Nationalism and the Public Mood |
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Nationalism and Political Ideology |
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The Question of “National Character” |
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A Final Note on Nationalism and Ethnocentrism |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 8: The State Level
Realpolitik and Raisons d’État |
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A Final Note on War and States |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 9: The Decision-Making Level
Some Issues Regarding Perception and Cognition |
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A Final Note on Decision Making |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 10: The Ideological, Social, and Economic Levels
Population Pressure and Other Social Stresses |
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Poverty as a Cause of War |
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The Economic Effects of Wars |
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The Effects of Military Spending |
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Cultural Conflicts and the “Clash of Civilizations” |
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A Final Note on the Reasons for Wars and Peace |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Part III: Building "Negative Peace"
Chapter 11: Peace Movements
Popular Attitudes Toward Peace |
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Attention, Success, and Failure |
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Historical and Current Perceptions of War |
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History and Taxonomy of Peace Movements |
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Interconnections Between Peace and Other Social Movements |
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Some Internal Debates Within Peace Movements |
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Some Criticisms of Peace Movements |
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Maintaining the Momentum of Peace Movements |
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A Final Note on Peace Movements |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 12: Diplomacy, Negotiations, and Conflict Resolution
A Brief History of Diplomacy |
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Diplomacy and Military Force |
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Diplomacy and Realpolitik |
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Negotiating Techniques for Resolving Conflict |
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Methods of Integrative Bargaining |
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Additional Negotiating Techniques |
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A Final Note on Conflict Resolution |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 13: Disarmament and Arms Control
Different Visions of Disarmament |
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A Brief History of Disarmament |
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The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) |
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Some Conventional Arms Abuses and Opportunities |
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Pitfalls of Arms Control Agreements |
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Benefits of Arms Control Prospects |
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A Final Note on Disarmament and Arms Control |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 14: International Cooperation
Limitations on the UN's Use of Force |
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Other Functions of the United Nations |
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A Brief History of Plans for World Government |
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Pros and Cons of World Government |
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The Dream of World Government: A Waste of Time? |
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The Prospects for World Government |
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The Uniting of the United States of America: A Rehearsal for a Global Federal System? |
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A Final Note on International Cooperation |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 15: Peace Through Strength?
Problems With Balance of Power |
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National Security via Military Force |
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Appeasement, Provocation, and Deterrence |
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The Use and Abuse of Threats |
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A Final Note on Peace Through Strength |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 16: International Law
The Sources of International Law |
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Enforcement of International Law |
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The Conflict between International Law and State Sovereignty |
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Hidden Strengths of International Law |
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A Final Note on International Law |
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Questions of Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 17: Ethical and Religious Perspectives
Religious Attitudes Toward War |
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A Final Note on Ethics and Religion |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Part IV: Building Positive Peace
Chapter 18: Human Rights
A Brief History of Human Rights |
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Some Human Rights Controversies |
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The Legal Status of Human Rights |
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Human Rights and the Nation-State |
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Competing Conceptions of Human Rights |
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The Responsibility to Protect |
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A Final Note on Human Rights |
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Questions for Further Study |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 19: Ecological Well-Being
Enhanced Environmental Awareness |
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The Environment and National Security |
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The Tragedy of the Commons |
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Some Major Environmental Problems |
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Some Environmental Principles |
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Struggling for Sustainability |
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A Final Note on Ecological Well-Being |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 20: Economic Well-Being
Socioeconomic Development |
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Ethics, Equity and a Bit of History |
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Measuring Wealth, Poverty, and Income Inequality |
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The Demographic-Economic Environmental Trap |
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A Final Note on Economic Well-Being |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 21: Movements Toward Democracy
A Brief Modern History of Democratization |
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Can Democracy Be Exported? Should It Be? |
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A Final Note on Movements Toward Democracy |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 22: National Reconciliation
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions |
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In the Absence of Truthful Reconciliation . . . |
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TRC Downsides and Caveats |
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A Final Note on Reconciliation |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 23: Nonviolence
Nonviolent Peace Theorists and Theories |
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Gandhian Nonviolence in Theory and Practice |
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Martin Luther King, Jr. and the U.S. Civil Rights Movement |
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Some Nonviolent Successes |
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Does Nonviolence “Work”? If So, Why? |
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Prospects for Nonviolence |
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A Final Note on Nonviolence |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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Chapter 24: Toward a More Peaceful Future
Transformations of Self and Society |
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A Final Note on Transformation and the Future |
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Questions for Further Reflection |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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